by Dr. Jaydeep T. Vagh
Categories
Analog
Analog signal processing is for signals that have not been digitized, as in legacy radio, telephone, radar, and television systems. This involves linear electronic circuits as well as non-linear ones. The former are, for instance, passive filters, active filters, additive mixers, integrators and delay lines. Non-linear circuits include compandors, multiplicators (frequency mixers and voltage-controlled amplifiers), voltage-controlled filters, voltage-controlled oscillators and phase-locked loops.
Continuous time
Continuous-time signal processing is for signals that vary with the change of continuous domain (without considering some individual interrupted points).
The methods of signal processing include time domain, frequency domain, and complex frequency domain. This technology mainly discusses the modeling of linear time-invariant continuous system, integral of the system’s zero-state response, setting up system function and the continuous time filtering of deterministic signals
Discrete time
Discrete-time signal processing is for sampled signals, defined only at discrete points in time, and as such are quantized in time, but not in magnitude.
Analog discrete-time signal processing is a technology based on electronic devices such as sample and hold circuits, analog time-division multiplexers, analog delay lines and analog feedback shift registers. This technology was a predecessor of digital signal processing (see below), and is still used in advanced processing of gigahertz signals.
The concept of discrete-time signal processing also refers to a theoretical discipline that establishes a mathematical basis for digital signal processing, without taking quantization error into consideration.
Digital
Digital signal processing is the processing of digitized discrete-time sampled signals. Processing is done by general-purpose computers or by digital circuits such as ASICs, field-programmable gate arrays or specialized digital signal processors (DSP chips). Typical arithmetical operations include fixed-point and floating-point, real-valued and complex-valued, multiplication and addition. Other typical operations supported by the hardware are circular buffers and lookup tables. Examples of algorithms are the Fast Fourier transform (FFT), finite impulse response (FIR) filter, Infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, and adaptive filters such as the Wiener and Kalman filters.
Nonlinear
Nonlinear signal processing involves the analysis and processing of signals produced from nonlinear systems and can be in the time, frequency, or spatio-temporal domains.[7] Nonlinear systems can produce highly complex behaviors including bifurcations, chaos, harmonics, and subharmonics which cannot be produced or analyzed using linear methods.
Statistical
Statistical signal processing is an approach which treats signals as stochastic processes, utilizing their statistical properties to perform signal processing tasks. Statistical techniques are widely used in signal processing applications. For example, one can model the probability distribution of noise incurred when photographing an image, and construct techniques based on this model to reduce the noise in the resulting image.
Application fields
- Audio signal processing – for electrical signals representing sound, such as speech or music
- Speech signal processing – for processing and interpreting spoken words
- Image processing – in digital cameras, computers and various imaging systems
- Video processing – for interpreting moving pictures
- Wireless communication – waveform generations, demodulation, filtering, equalization
- Control systems
- Array processing – for processing signals from arrays of sensors
- Process control – a variety of signals are used, including the industry standard 4-20 mA current loop
- Seismology
- Financial signal processing – analyzing financial data using signal processing techniques, especially for prediction purposes.
- Feature extraction, such as image understanding and speech recognition.
- Quality improvement, such as noise reduction, image enhancement, and echo cancellation.
- (Source coding), including audio compression, image compression, and video compression.
- Genomics, Genomic signal processing
In communication systems, signal processing may occur at:
- OSI layer 1 in the seven layer OSI model, the Physical Layer (modulation, equalization, multiplexing, etc.);
- OSI layer 2, the Data Link Layer (Forward Error Correction);
- OSI layer 6, the Presentation Layer (source coding, including analog-to-digital conversion and signal compression).
Mathematical methods applied
- Differential equations
- Recurrence relation
- Transform theory
- Time-frequency analysis – for processing non-stationary signals
- Spectral estimation – for determining the spectral content (i.e., the distribution of power over frequency) of a time series
- Statistical signal processing – analyzing and extracting information from signals and noise based on their stochastic properties
- Linear time-invariant system theory, and transform theory
- Polynomial signal processing – analysis of systems which relate input and output using polynomials
- System identification and classification
- Calculus
- Complex analysis
- Vector spaces and Linear algebra
- Functional analysis
- Probability and stochastic processes
- Detection theory
- Estimation theory
- Optimization
- Numerical methods
- Time series
- Data mining – for statistical analysis of relations between large quantities of variables (in this context representing many physical signals), to extract previously unknown interesting patterns
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